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14.4 Grammar: Parts of Speech Copy

durenmgmail-com November 10, 2021

Parts of speech are essential in grammar since they are the groups in which words are categorized. They allow you to identify a word in a sentence and provide the structure for the rules to follow.

Nouns

1. Common Nouns – one particular class or group that is not capitalized.

Examples: dog, lock, pen

2. Noun as a subject:

Example:

The animal broke the lock.

3. Noun as a direct object :

Example: The dog broke the lock.

4. Noun as an indirect object:

Example: I gave Harold the lock.

Pronouns

Pronouns are used to replace a noun so that they do not become repetitive

Types of Pronouns:

1. Personal (subject):

Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

2. Interrogative :

Examples: who, what, where, when, how, why, which, whom Relative – who, which, that, when, whose

3. Indefinite:

Examples: anyone, someone, somebody, anybody, nobody, no one

Adjectives 

Words used as a description for a noun or a pronoun. What kind, how many, or which one.

Examples: Tall, short, beautiful, strong, bold, ugly.

Types of Adjectives:

1. Comparative:

Examples: bigger than richer than, better than (John is bigger than Peter)

2. Superlative:

Examples: the biggest, the richest, the best (He is the richest man in the world)

Verbs 

Verbs can be used to describe or to show physical or mental action.

Examples:

eat, jump, read, write, dance, fix

Types of Verbs:

1. Transitive: relates an action that has an object. (Gives transit)

Example: Helen baked a cake.

2. Intransitive: does not need an object.

Example: The baby cried.

3. Linking: links the subject and the complement.

Example: The older man seems tired.

4. Regular: form their past and past participle form with –d and –ed.

Examples: work-worked, dance-danced

5. Irregular: forms completely change.

Examples: go-went, sleep-slept

6. Auxiliary: helping verbs; when used with the main verb, it shows mood and tense.

Examples: will have, to be

7. Modal: used to indicate the possibility, a need, willingness, ability, or obligation.

Examples: can, could, may, should

8. Infinitive: verbs that are always preceded by a “to”.

Examples: to go, to dance, to speak

9. Bare infinitive: verbs that are not preceded by a “to”

Examples: go, dance, speak

Active and Passive Voices 

Verbs can also be used in active or passive voices.

1. Active Voice: When the subject performs the action.

Examples:

Mary had helped John.

The French built the Eiffel Tower.

Colombians grow coffee.

2. Passive Voice: When the subject becomes the receiver of the action.

Examples:

The Eiffel Tower was built by the French.

John had been helped by Mary.

Rice is grown by Chinese.

Guiltless Structure 

1. Active Voice –

Example:

Who broke the lamp?

2. Passive Voice –

Example:

The lamp was broken before I came in.

Adverbs

Adverbs describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Examples: seriously, quickly, extremely.

When, where, why, how much, to what extent.

Many adverbs are formed by simply adding a –ly to an adjective or a noun.

Examples:

He is very rich. It is extremely dangerous.

Types of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of Frequency

Examples: always, often, never

2. Adverbs of Time

Examples: before, yet, still

3. Adverbs of Place

Examples: there, here, everywhere, somewhere, anywhere Adverbs of Degree – almost, nearly, barely, hardly, just.

Prepositions

Prepositions show relationships between things, people, and actions by placing words in front of nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases to connect them to other words.

Examples:

He was in the garden.

I spoke to Mr Hall on Friday about the hole in our roof.

They can also be used as an introduction to a phrase that completes the meaning of a verb. I told him about …

Types of Prepositions

1. Prepositions of Time:

Examples: in, on, about, off, at, on

2. Prepositions of Place:

Examples: in, at, beside, between, behind, for, off, on

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that connect parts of speech.

Examples: but, because, and

I like tea, but I don ́t like coffee because it ́s too strong for me.

Interjections 

Interjections are words used to verbalize feelings or emotions.

Examples:

HELP! OUCH! Yummy! Wow! Yuck Help! Call the police!